On Such Horses Gods and Heroes Ride
By:Collomia Charles
Published on 2007 by
Despite the central role of horses in Greek culture, scholarship on horses in antiquity deals primarily with their social importance in history, archaeology and religion or the development of their artistic representation; no study examines the emotional importance of the horse. This dissertation focuses on the relationship between man and animal depicted in classical literature from Homer to Late Antiquity. In the Iliad Achilleus owns a pair of divine steeds, Xanthos and Balios, who foretell his death. Despite their divinity, they serve Achilleus and provide irrefutable confirmation of his unique heroic nature. The poet represents these horses as fundamentally different from the other horses of the Iliad: as individuals capable of thought, emotion and the ties of responsibility. In the historical period, however, this relationship does not appear: representations of the horse become homogenized and general, while the reciprocity between man and horse vanishes. Although horses establish the aristocratic status of both mythic and historical figures, there are no true parallels to Achilleus and his divine team until the time of Alexander the Great. Alexander used his famously savage horse Boukephalas to propagate his own image as a hero. Over time, the legend of Boukephalas took on a life of its own and the Alexander Romance conflates aspects of both divine and monstrous horses in its depiction of Boukephalas. This dissertation not only shows that the relationship between these two individuals and their horses is important, but also argues that Boukephalas' part in the Alexander legend recalls and transforms the Homeric model on which it was based. Due in no small part to Xanthos and Boukephalas, a hero of the western tradition--from El Cid to Don Quixote--can often be recognized by his equally heroic horse. It is a motif derived from antiquity, and yet one with only two ancient examples: the talking horses of Achilleus, and Alexander's ox-headed monster.
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